Through secretion of its hormones, the pituitary gland controls metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, blood pressure and many other vital physical functions and processes. The pituitary gland also secretes hormones that act on the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, ovaries and testes, which in turn produce other hormones. For example, the pituitary gland produces prolactin, which acts on the mammary glands in the breasts to induce milk production.
It secretes a variety of hormones into the bloodstream which act as messengers to transmit information from the pituitary gland to distant cells, regulating their activity. It senses the body's needs and sends signals to different organs and glands throughout the body to regulate their function and maintain an appropriate environment. The pituitary gland is called the 'master gland' as the hormones it produces control so many different processes in the body. The posterior pituitary gland forms part of the brain and secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream under the command of the brain. The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the brain by short blood vessels. The gland is attached to a part of the brain (the hypothalamus) that controls its activity. The pituitary gland has two main lobes, the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland, which are joined by pars intermedia. The pituitary gland is a small gland that sits in the sella turcica (‘Turkish saddle’), a bony hollow in the base of the skull, underneath the brain and behind the bridge of the nose. The highlighted area (centre) shows the pituitary gland attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. FSH and LH then stimulate the testis to produce testosterone.Computer artwork of a person's head showing the left hemisphere of the brain inside. When testosterone levels are low, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by the hypothalamus, which in turn stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH. Hormone (FSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Hormones involved are luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating Pituitary, and testicular endocrine glands. Testosterone regulation by cooperation between the hypothalamus, Testosterone, like all hormones, works via long distance signaling and is regulated by other hormones as illustrated below: In adult males, testosterone plays a key role in the development of reproductive organs and it promotes the secondary sexual characteristics of body and facial hair, increased muscle and bone mass, and a deep voice. Testosterone is a steroid hormone produced by all vertebrate animals and, in humans and other mammals, it is secreted in large amounts by the testes of males and to a much lesser extent, the ovaries of females.
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